JavaScript规范
内容列表
类型
原始值: 相当于传值
stringnumberbooleannullundefined
123456var foo = 1,bar = foo;bar = 9;console.log(foo, bar); // => 1, 9复杂类型: 相当于传引用
objectarrayfunction
123456var foo = [1, 2],bar = foo;bar[0] = 9;console.log(foo[0], bar[0]); // => 9, 9
对象
使用字面值创建对象
12345// badvar item = new Object();// goodvar item = {};不要使用保留字 reserved words 作为键
12345678910111213// badvar superman = {class: 'superhero',default: { clark: 'kent' },private: true};// goodvar superman = {klass: 'superhero',defaults: { clark: 'kent' },hidden: true};
数组
使用字面值创建数组
12345// badvar items = new Array();// goodvar items = [];如果你不知道数组的长度,使用push
12345678var someStack = [];// badsomeStack[someStack.length] = 'abracadabra';// goodsomeStack.push('abracadabra');当你需要拷贝数组时使用slice. jsPerf
1234567891011var len = items.length,itemsCopy = [],i;// badfor (i = 0; i < len; i++) {itemsCopy[i] = items[i];}// gooditemsCopy = items.slice();使用slice将类数组的对象转成数组.
1234function trigger() {var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);//...dosomething}
字符串
对字符串使用单引号
''1234567891011// badvar name = "Bob Parr";// goodvar name = 'Bob Parr';// badvar fullName = "Bob " + this.lastName;// goodvar fullName = 'Bob ' + this.lastName;超过80个字符的字符串应该使用字符串连接换行
注: 如果过度使用,长字符串连接可能会对性能有影响. jsPerf & Discussion
12345678910111213141516171819// badvar errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do with this, you would get nowhere fast.';// badvar errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that \was thrown because of Batman. \When you stop to think about \how Batman had anything to do \with this, you would get nowhere \fast.';// goodvar errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that ' +'was thrown because of Batman.' +'When you stop to think about ' +'how Batman had anything to do ' +'with this, you would get nowhere ' +'fast.';编程时使用join而不是字符串连接来构建字符串,特别是IE: jsPerf.
1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738var items,messages,length, i;messages = [{state: 'success',message: 'This one worked.'},{state: 'success',message: 'This one worked as well.'},{state: 'error',message: 'This one did not work.'}];length = messages.length;// badfunction inbox(messages) {items = '<ul>';for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {items += '<li>' + messages[i].message + '</li>';}return items + '</ul>';}// goodfunction inbox(messages) {items = [];for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {items[i] = messages[i].message;}return '<ul><li>' + items.join('</li><li>') + '</li></ul>';}
函数
函数表达式:
1234567891011121314// 匿名函数表达式var anonymous = function() {return true;};// 有名函数表达式var named = function named() {return true;};// 立即调用函数表达式(function() {console.log('Welcome to the Internet. Please follow me.');})();绝对不要在一个非函数块里声明一个函数,把那个函数赋给一个变量。浏览器允许你这么做,但是它们解析不同。
注: ECMA-262定义把
块定义为一组语句,函数声明不是一个语句。阅读ECMA-262对这个问题的说明.12345678910111213// badif (currentUser) {function test() {console.log('Nope.');}}// goodif (currentUser) {var test = function test() {console.log('Yup.');};}绝对不要把参数命名为
arguments, 这将会逾越函数作用域内传过来的arguments对象.123456789// badfunction nope(name, options, arguments) {// ...stuff...}// goodfunction yup(name, options, args) {// ...stuff...}
属性
当使用变量访问属性时使用中括号.
12345678910var luke = {jedi: true,age: 28};function getProp(prop) {return luke[prop];}var isJedi = getProp('jedi');
变量
总是使用
var来声明变量,如果不这么做将导致产生全局变量,我们要避免污染全局命名空间。12345// badsuperPower = new SuperPower();// goodvar superPower = new SuperPower();使用一个
var以及新行声明多个变量,缩进4个空格。123456789// badvar items = getItems();var goSportsTeam = true;var dragonball = 'z';// goodvar items = getItems(),goSportsTeam = true,dragonball = 'z';最后再声明未赋值的变量,当你想引用之前已赋值变量的时候很有用。
1234567891011121314151617// badvar i, len, dragonball,items = getItems(),goSportsTeam = true;// badvar i, items = getItems(),dragonball,goSportsTeam = true,len;// goodvar items = getItems(),goSportsTeam = true,dragonball,length,i;
条件表达式和等号
- 适当使用
===和!==以及==和!=. 条件表达式的强制类型转换遵循以下规则:
- 对象 被计算为 true
- Undefined 被计算为 false
- Null 被计算为 false
- 布尔值 被计算为 布尔的值
- 数字 如果是 +0, -0, or NaN 被计算为 false , 否则为 true
- 字符串 如果是空字符串
''则被计算为 false, 否则为 true
1234if ([0]) {// true// An array is an object, objects evaluate to true}使用快捷方式.
12345678910111213141516171819// badif (name !== '') {// ...stuff...}// goodif (name) {// ...stuff...}// badif (collection.length > 0) {// ...stuff...}// goodif (collection.length) {// ...stuff...}阅读 Truth Equality and JavaScript 了解更多
块
给所有多行的块使用大括号
1234567891011// badif (test)return false;// goodif (test) return false;// goodif (test) {return false;}
注释
使用
/** ... */进行多行注释,包括描述,指定类型以及参数值和返回值123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627// bad// make() returns a new element// based on the passed in tag name//// @param <String> tag// @return <Element> elementfunction make(tag) {// ...stuff...return element;}// good/*** make() returns a new element* based on the passed in tag name** @param <String> tag* @return <Element> element*/function make(tag) {// ...stuff...return element;}使用
//进行单行注释,在评论对象的上面进行单行注释,注释前放一个空行.12345678910111213141516171819202122232425// badvar active = true; // is current tab// good// is current tabvar active = true;// badfunction getType() {console.log('fetching type...');// set the default type to 'no type'var type = this._type || 'no type';return type;}// goodfunction getType() {console.log('fetching type...');// set the default type to 'no type'var type = this._type || 'no type';return type;}如果你有一个问题需要重新来看一下或如果你建议一个需要被实现的解决方法的话需要在你的注释前面加上
FIXME或TODO帮助其他人迅速理解1234567function Calculator() {// FIXME: shouldn't use a global heretotal = 0;return this;}1234567function Calculator() {// TODO: total should be configurable by an options paramthis.total = 0;return this;}
空白
将tab设为4个空格
1234567891011121314// badfunction() {∙∙var name;}// badfunction() {∙var name;}// goodfunction() {∙∙∙∙var name;}大括号前放一个空格
123456789101112131415161718192021// badfunction test(){console.log('test');}// goodfunction test() {console.log('test');}// baddog.set('attr',{age: '1 year',breed: 'Bernese Mountain Dog'});// gooddog.set('attr', {age: '1 year',breed: 'Bernese Mountain Dog'});在做长方法链时使用缩进.
1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526// bad$('#items').find('.selected').highlight().end().find('.open').updateCount();// good$('#items').find('.selected').highlight().end().find('.open').updateCount();// badvar leds = stage.selectAll('.led').data(data).enter().append('svg:svg').class('led', true).attr('width', (radius + margin) * 2).append('svg:g').attr('transform', 'translate(' + (radius + margin) + ',' + (radius + margin) + ')').call(tron.led);// goodvar leds = stage.selectAll('.led').data(data).enter().append('svg:svg').class('led', true).attr('width', (radius + margin) * 2).append('svg:g').attr('transform', 'translate(' + (radius + margin) + ',' + (radius + margin) + ')').call(tron.led);
逗号
不要将逗号放前面
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425// badvar once, upon, aTime;// goodvar once,upon,aTime;// badvar hero = {firstName: 'Bob', lastName: 'Parr', heroName: 'Mr. Incredible', superPower: 'strength'};// goodvar hero = {firstName: 'Bob',lastName: 'Parr',heroName: 'Mr. Incredible',superPower: 'strength'};不要加多余的逗号,这可能会在IE下引起错误,同时如果多一个逗号某些ES3的实现会计算多数组的长度。
123456789101112131415161718192021// badvar hero = {firstName: 'Kevin',lastName: 'Flynn',};var heroes = ['Batman','Superman',];// goodvar hero = {firstName: 'Kevin',lastName: 'Flynn'};var heroes = ['Batman','Superman'];
分号
语句结束一定要加分号
1234567891011121314151617// bad(function() {var name = 'Skywalker'return name})()// good(function() {var name = 'Skywalker';return name;})();// good;(function() {var name = 'Skywalker';return name;})();
类型转换
- 在语句的开始执行类型转换.
字符串:
12345678910111213// => this.reviewScore = 9;// badvar totalScore = this.reviewScore + '';// goodvar totalScore = '' + this.reviewScore;// badvar totalScore = '' + this.reviewScore + ' total score';// goodvar totalScore = this.reviewScore + ' total score';对数字使用
parseInt并且总是带上类型转换的基数.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627var inputValue = '4';// badvar val = new Number(inputValue);// badvar val = +inputValue;// badvar val = inputValue >> 0;// badvar val = parseInt(inputValue);// goodvar val = Number(inputValue);// goodvar val = parseInt(inputValue, 10);// good/*** parseInt was the reason my code was slow.* Bitshifting the String to coerce it to a* Number made it a lot faster.*/var val = inputValue >> 0;布尔值:
12345678910var age = 0;// badvar hasAge = new Boolean(age);// goodvar hasAge = Boolean(age);// goodvar hasAge = !!age;
命名约定
避免单个字符名,让你的变量名有描述意义。
123456789// badfunction q() {// ...stuff...}// goodfunction query() {// ..stuff..}当命名对象、函数和实例时使用驼峰命名规则
123456789101112131415// badvar OBJEcttsssss = {};var this_is_my_object = {};var this-is-my-object = {};function c() {};var u = new user({name: 'Bob Parr'});// goodvar thisIsMyObject = {};function thisIsMyFunction() {};var user = new User({name: 'Bob Parr'});当命名构造函数或类时使用驼峰式大写
1234567891011121314151617// badfunction user(options) {this.name = options.name;}var bad = new user({name: 'nope'});// goodfunction User(options) {this.name = options.name;}var good = new User({name: 'yup'});命名私有属性时前面加个下划线
_123456// badthis.__firstName__ = 'Panda';this.firstName_ = 'Panda';// goodthis._firstName = 'Panda';当保存对
this的引用时使用_this.1234567891011121314151617181920212223// badfunction() {var self = this;return function() {console.log(self);};}// badfunction() {var that = this;return function() {console.log(that);};}// goodfunction() {var _this = this;return function() {console.log(_this);};}
存取器
- 属性的存取器函数不是必需的
如果你确实有存取器函数的话使用getVal() 和 setVal(‘hello’)
1234567891011// baddragon.age();// gooddragon.getAge();// baddragon.age(25);// gooddragon.setAge(25);如果属性是布尔值,使用isVal() 或 hasVal()
123456789// badif (!dragon.age()) {return false;}// goodif (!dragon.hasAge()) {return false;}可以创建get()和set()函数,但是要保持一致
12345678910111213function Jedi(options) {options || (options = {});var lightsaber = options.lightsaber || 'blue';this.set('lightsaber', lightsaber);}Jedi.prototype.set = function(key, val) {this[key] = val;};Jedi.prototype.get = function(key) {return this[key];};
构造器
给对象原型分配方法,而不是用一个新的对象覆盖原型,覆盖原型会使继承出现问题。
1234567891011121314151617181920212223function Jedi() {console.log('new jedi');}// badJedi.prototype = {fight: function fight() {console.log('fighting');},block: function block() {console.log('blocking');}};// goodJedi.prototype.fight = function fight() {console.log('fighting');};Jedi.prototype.block = function block() {console.log('blocking');};方法可以返回
this帮助方法可链。1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829// badJedi.prototype.jump = function() {this.jumping = true;return true;};Jedi.prototype.setHeight = function(height) {this.height = height;};var luke = new Jedi();luke.jump(); // => trueluke.setHeight(20) // => undefined// goodJedi.prototype.jump = function() {this.jumping = true;return this;};Jedi.prototype.setHeight = function(height) {this.height = height;return this;};var luke = new Jedi();luke.jump().setHeight(20);可以写一个自定义的toString()方法,但是确保它工作正常并且不会有副作用。
123456789101112function Jedi(options) {options || (options = {});this.name = options.name || 'no name';}Jedi.prototype.getName = function getName() {return this.name;};Jedi.prototype.toString = function toString() {return 'Jedi - ' + this.getName();};
事件
当给事件附加数据时,传入一个哈希而不是原始值,这可以让后面的贡献者加入更多数据到事件数据里而不用找出并更新那个事件的事件处理器
12345678// bad$(this).trigger('listingUpdated', listing.id);...$(this).on('listingUpdated', function(e, listingId) {// do something with listingId});更好:
12345678// good$(this).trigger('listingUpdated', { listingId : listing.id });...$(this).on('listingUpdated', function(e, data) {// do something with data.listingId});
模块
- 模块应该以
!开始,这保证了如果一个有问题的模块忘记包含最后的分号在合并后不会出现错误 - 这个文件应该以驼峰命名,并在同名文件夹下,同时导出的时候名字一致
- 加入一个名为noConflict()的方法来设置导出的模块为之前的版本并返回它
总是在模块顶部声明
'use strict';123456789101112131415161718// fancyInput/fancyInput.js!function(global) {;var previousFancyInput = global.FancyInput;function FancyInput(options) {this.options = options || {};}FancyInput.noConflict = function noConflict() {global.FancyInput = previousFancyInput;return FancyInput;};global.FancyInput = FancyInput;}(this);
jQuery
缓存jQuery查询
12345678910111213141516171819202122// badfunction setSidebar() {$('.sidebar').hide();// ...stuff...$('.sidebar').css({'background-color': 'pink'});}// goodfunction setSidebar() {var $sidebar = $('.sidebar');$sidebar.hide();// ...stuff...$sidebar.css({'background-color': 'pink'});}对DOM查询使用级联的
$('.sidebar ul')或$('.sidebar ul'),jsPerf对有作用域的jQuery对象查询使用
find1234567891011121314151617// bad$('.sidebar', 'ul').hide();// bad$('.sidebar').find('ul').hide();// good$('.sidebar ul').hide();// good$('.sidebar > ul').hide();// good (slower)$sidebar.find('ul');// good (faster)$($sidebar[0]).find('ul');
ECMAScript 5兼容性
参考Kangax的 ES5 compatibility table
